Xenophon and Aristophanes: The Results of a Husband’s Desire for Control :: Xenophon Aristophanes Power Papers

Xenophon and Aristophanes: The Results of a Husband’s Desire for Control In Greek society women had little control over their lives. A husband wanted to be able to control his wife so she would run his household as he saw fit, so she did not damage his reputation, and so he knew the paternity of his children. A husband wanted the girl to be closely controlled by her father before she married for the same reasons. Aristophanes’ comedies and Xenophon’s Oeconomicus contain very different depictions of a Greek citizen woman’s life before she is married and during the time shortly after she is married. Both the comedies and Oeconomicus examine how girls were educated, how closely guarded they were in their father’s household, and their willingness to deceive their husbands. In Oeconomicus, Xenophon wrote about the ideal girl, but she was exaggerated in the direction of perfection. In the comedies, however, some the female characters were almost the exact opposite of the girl in Oeconomicus. Even though ideas about how girls were rai sed and how they behaved after they were married are very different in Oeconomicus and in Aristophanes’ comedies, both sets of ideas get at a husband’s desire for his wife to have been closely controlled by her father, and then by him. Aristophanes and Xenophon illustrate this desire by presenting the ideal characteristics of a wife and the characteristics men fear. They also use exaggeration to make the distinction between the good wife and the undesirable wife even clearer. Because husbands wanted their wives to be controlled first by their fathers, and then by them, women spent their entire lives under the control of men. There was also a large difference between how closely guarded by her father Ischomachos’s wife was, compared to the girls in the comedies. Girls were not only guarded to keep them from learning too much, but they were also guarded to keep them away from men so they would not have sex with or be raped by them. Because if a girl was, and after marriage her husband found out, he would be unsure of the paternity of his children. Ischomachos’s wife "had previously lived under diligent supervision in order that she might see and hear as little as possible" (Oeconomicus, VII, 5). She obviously did not leave her house much if her family was making an attempt to have her see and hear as little as possible.

Human Trafficking Essay

Human trafficking is a very prevalent issue in today’s societies throughout the world. Human trafficking is the illegal trade of human beings for the purposes of commercial sexual exploitation or forced labor. The extremely high demand for sex and cheap labor are two of the leading factors in the expansion of human trafficking. Despite efforts from various individuals and organizations, millions and millions of men and women are illegally traded each year. Many agree that human trafficking is a horrific injustice but fail to acknowledge the underlying conditions that enable the growth of this industry. The various reasons most individuals fail to think deeper than the surface issues to address the underlying issues are discussed in depth in The Sociological Imagination by C.Wrighr Mills. Until the underlying issues are acknowledged and corrected, more and more humans will be illegally traded. According to The Sociological Imagination, many problems of society are overlooked because the issues do not directly impact the individual’s life. Many individuals do not make the connection between their own life and the big picture, in this case the relevance of human trafficking. They fail to see that although human trafficking may not directly impact one’s life, the illegal trade of humans may indirectly impact their life. The humans illegally traded, not only face sexual and labor exploitation but many are forced into marriage. Others are forced to become street beggars or child soldiers. In some of the worst cases the humans trafficked are killed and their organs are sold on the organ black market. Individuals not aware of these alternate forms of human trafficking usually fail to see how common it is and do not see the indirect impact human trafficking may have on their life. Another condition enabling the construction and expansion of human trafficking on the global scale are the efforts to stop human trafficking are being concentrated on the wrong principles. Organizations like SafeHorizon, Called to Rescue, Coalition Against Trafficking in Women and Deborah’s Gate all focus on rescuing individuals from trafficking or helping individuals assimilate back into society after being trafficked. I acknowledge these are very useful tactics but these organizations are only addressing the victims after they have been traumatized instead of addressing the underlying issues of why there is human trafficking and developing ways to prevent it. Some of their efforts should be transferred to implementing procedures or strategies that prevent individuals from becoming victims instead of for after they become victims. The corruption of government officials and police force in countries where human trafficking is most prominent, also play a large role in the growth and expansion of human trafficking in certain regions. Bribes are taken so certain businesses are not investigated or raided. These businesses are known to illegally trade human beings but they are allowed to continue their illegal actions. Authorities are aware certain individuals are partaking in human trafficking but merely look the other way. Until this changes or the corrupt government officials and police officers are removed from power, the number of humans illegally traded will continue to rapidly grow. But even honest government officials and police officers face difficultly in combating human trafficking. Human trafficking is such a lucrative business because of the high demand for sex that even when authorities are able to apprehend individuals who are trading humans illegally, new individuals pop up and pick up where they left off. Another obstacle authorities face is that many individuals who are involved in human trafficking operate at such a small scale, it is very difficult to know about their actions. Numerous individuals illegal trade humans in small rural homes or small businesses and keep their actions very discrete. Authorities trying to end human trafficking face almost insurmountable odds. The Sociological Imagination touched on the idea that individuals feel trapped by the problems of today. They are unable to look beyond the immediate troubles and issues. Humans are too consumed with the struggles off everyday life to invest time in correcting large-scale social injustices. Individuals feel as if their vision and powers are limited to the smaller scale of their jobs, family and neighborhood. This idea is another condition enabling the construction and expansion of human trafficking on a global scale. If one feels as if they are powerless and cannot change or do not have the time to change large scale issues, then change is not brought about. One individual can make change no matter how big or small the injustice they are trying to combat is. Until one internalizes and begins to believe they can make a difference, their efforts usually are consumed by irreverent problems of everyday life. Another condition enabling the construction and expansion of human trafficking is that many individuals are distracted from the larger social injustices. The media chooses which stories to shed light upon and in turn decide the importance of issues. If an individual is exposed to the same story numerous times, they are inclined to believe that story is more relevant and important than a story that receives less coverage. Some forms of media purposely give more coverage to celebrity drama or irreverent issues to distract individuals from the larger issues. The larger issues can more easily be swept under the rug if â€Å"the people† are not addressing them. If the horrors and alarming statistics of human trafficking where displayed in the media more often, people would be more inclined to correct the conditions that enable the construction and expansion of human trafficking. The Sociological Imagination opened my mind to the conditions that prevent individuals from dealing with the troubles and issues that matter. Individuals are seldom aware of the intricate connections between the patterns of their own lives and the course of the world. Because they do not make this connection most individuals cannot cope with their personal troubles in an efficient enough way to be aware of the structural transformations that lie beneath them. Sociological Imagination is having the ability to grasp reality by putting everything into perspective to make sense of the non-sense by thinking below the surface. Until more individuals possess this sociological imagination, things will not change.

Black Church Culture and Community Action - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 1010 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/06/24 Category Culture Essay Level High school Tags: Ethnographic Essay Did you like this example? According to The beginning Years of Grace Memorial Presbyterian Church article, there were a variety of churches that were not for black citizens to attend, but it is seen throughout history some churches started to be established by black folk(beginning 1). How did the establishment of the Grace Memorial Presbyterian Church influence areas such as the Hill district and the Northside? How did the Presbyterian Church help the community such as the Hill District as well? These are questions being presented because, throughout the Article, it is noticeable how much the black church helped the black community. Throughout this paper, it will be explained as to how the black church helped the black community.. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Black Church Culture and Community Action" essay for you Create order These Grace Memorial Presbyterian churches helped influence the community by giving the community a place to praise when they had no other place to go and worship. These churches gave them a space to clear their minds and feel safe and at peace. The black churches helped by doing social events. The social events helped attract more people into the church community as well as connect different churches. Black churches such as Grace Memorial Presbyterian Church influenced black communities to be active and engage with other black citizens within their communities. Churches were involved in so many events back in the 1700s to 1970. Many of the black churches were involved in many issues black citizens had back then, in the attempt to overcome many of the issues. Churches held black communities at unity with different programs and clubs for children as well as adults. The programs the black churches created helped with getting more people into the church. The churches can teach that not everything that happens cruelly and violently does not always be to result in violence. The Unity the black community held was a great cause of the black churches causing black citizens to never give up. African-Americans were not invited to churches by whites, therefore African-Americans started to abandon the white Presbyterian churches to create their own churches. The Presbyterian Church had Groups such as Young people-junior high, senior high, young adults, Mens Activities club, Womens National Loyal League, Co-Workers Club, Young Womens Progressive Club, and Swift Memorial Missionary Society(beginning 5). These Groups Gave the African-American citizens the chance to actively engage with one another. There were several womens groups, and each woman could belong to more than one (beginning 6). This gave the women the opportunity to meet new women and connect with them. This also gave them the chance to hear others opinions and how they feel building a better understanding of one another, therefore creating a congregation of powerful women. The Womens National Loyal League was a congregation of women during the Cold War supporting the Union War effort which abolished slavery(Womens 1). The women helped the Union troops by shipping foods, clothes, and helping in the United States Sanitary Commission(Womens 1). These actions gave the women a small political role in society, so the women started to urge the emancipation of African American (Women 1). These actions would cause things such as the freedom of African American slaves. The things the women did can also cause women to gain over time a strong role in the American society. This also brings a small sense of unity between some white and African American citizens. Boy Scouts was created with the scoutmaster being Mr.Lynne Hoye and Youth Choir directed by Mrs.Nan Currington( Beginning 6). These programs for the youth could help keep them from the cruel racial events and problems that African-Americans encountered. The Boy Scouts could help with teaching and disciplining young African-American children and young men how to be a proper young man and how to act in everyday life. The Youth Choir can help with getting more people to potentially believe in God if they felt the presence of the Lord influencing people to join the church. Black Churches worked with Allegany County Certified teachers in Sunday school(Beginning 5). With teachers working at the Sunday schools, this gave them a chance to teach many children about their savior. Since the Sunday school teacher was certified teachers they can also help with teaching children academics as well as help them with work. A woman from Grace Church by the name of Mrs.Alma Illery created a health center in Pittsburgh. The healthcare center was a private, nonprofit community-based health care center9(primary 1). The medical center has nine medical buildings, seven healthcare for the homeless, four for dental services, and 1 for family services for mostly lower-income families 9 (primary 1). This gave black people the opportunity to get medical attention when needed. These centers also provide a center for low-income black families to be supported. There were equal opportunities that were given to homeless citizens to get dental care and medical care. These centers would bring the black community to a unified position. The role of the Grace Memorial Presbyterian Church became a more dependable source for the African American citizens in the U.S. The article did not talk a lot about the Hill District but based on the reading it is assumed that the Presbyterian churches gave the chance to African-Americans in the Hill District area, a place to worship. The churches also gave the youth and adults the opportunity to join the many programs the churches offered. The Presbyterian Church also gave the Hill District a way to connect with all of the other churches. Black Churches such as the Presbyterian Church were the glue to the African-American Society. Throughout African-American history, Black Churches such as the Presbyterian Church was involved in a lot of the historical events often helping the black community grow as one big family. These churches brought the black congregation to get an understanding of one another along with what racial problems they were dealing with and how to deal with them. The African-American churches caused the black citizens to never give up and always see the light no matter how bad things got furthermore, to never act violently. Presbyterian Churches highly influenced the black communities.

The Religious Emancipation Of The Crusades Essay - 1738 Words

Catholic Church leaders including Pope Urban II regarded the Crusades as an ideological battle for religious superiority and control of the Holy Land. Urban emphasized the religious emancipation of the Crusades in his speech to thousands at Clermont-Auvergne in France, where he implored, â€Å"Undertake this journey eagerly for the remission of their sins, and be assured of the reward of imperishable glory in the Kingdom of Heaven† (Durant 587). However, just as religion can be attributed to the reason for Urban’s crusade, so too can the financial and economic goals of both the Church, nobility, and common folk. Changing economic structure in the medieval period fostered a need for change in commerce and trade. With that, came an ambition from the lower class to change their socio-economic status. The emergence of the merchant class, desire for commerce and trade among centralized empires, and the lure of financial freedom and prosperity propelled the Christian Crusades to regain the holy land and control of eastern territory against the Moslem â€Å"infidel†. During much of the Dark Ages, a period of time where an agrarian and feudal system prevailed as the main economic structure, the economies of European tribes and empires remained stagnant, along with the social mobility of its inhabitants. The mainly agricultural system caused a lack of a defined middle class, as there was no need for an exchange of goods. The middle class â€Å"was ill-organized and still dominated by the mobility,Show MoreRelatedAbolitionist Movements And Social Reforms1610 Words   |  7 Pagesmotivated the violent abolitionist crusade. In the 1830s, antislavery underwent an important transformation which led to various abolitionist movements and social reforms. The American Association Organization provided a program which taught information about the gradual emancipation of slaves and exportation of the free to colonies outside the U.S. In January 1831, William Loyd Garrison a successful writer played a vital role in the initiation of the abolitionist crusade after he published the firstRead MoreAn Age Of Reform Swept1294 Words   |  6 Pagesminds of hundreds of thousands of Americans to give up on alcohol. By 1840, the consumption of alcohol per person had fallen to less than half the level of a decade earlier (Foner 440). The benefit of this change came with a cost, the temperance crusade and other reform movements aroused considerable hostility (Foner 441). Horace Mann who was a lawyer and a Whig politician was the leading education reformer for his era. Mann hoped that universal public education could restore equality to a fracturedRead MoreAbolitionist And The Civil War995 Words   |  4 Pageswanted Emancipation for all slaves. The Abolitionists were wanting slavery to be abolished due to moral causes along with courage. Tis movement became and Evangelical crusade in the 1830s. Their main focus and pus was to end the sin-filled behaviors against the slaves everywhere. Personal freedom was exceedingly important and a belief that, â€Å"all men are created,† (Abolitionist Movement,† History, N.p.,n.d.). There were religious, political, radical and militant abolitionists. The religious abolitionistsRead Morequot;William Lloyd Garrison: the Agitatorquot; Essay1323 Words   |  6 Pagesgreater vehemence than a group of young, radical abolitionists. Frustrated at the betrayal of the revolutionary promise that all forms of bondage would disappear in the new land and marshalling all the religious revivals that swept the country, abolitionists demanded no less than the immediate emancipation of all slaves. Bursting upon the American political system in the early 1830s, abolitionists not only opposed any reparation of slaveholders, but they also demanded full political rights for all African-AmericansRead MoreSlavery Is The Inhuman Act And Should Be Abolished Essay1589 Words   |  7 Pagesresult in Lincoln s giving the Emancipation Proclamation, which allowed all slaves in the rebelling locations to be free; the end of the Civil War, and also issues like slavery. It was fuelled by bo th the Emancipation Proclamation, and the Battle of Gettysburg. However, Nevada played a significant. These events and disagreements that took place between the Union and the Confederates, including the controversy of labor systems. It can be explained as the Emancipation Proclamation, the Gettysburg AddressRead MoreIreland s Reluctant Release Of Power1618 Words   |  7 PagesBritain came with the intentions of reforming and refining Ireland to their own version of pristine and effectual. The colonization of Ireland was no easy crusade. The natives put up a powerful and enduring fight. The colonization of Ireland can be broken down into one simple word loaded with years of power struggle, lost lives, and, religious adaptation that overall was, extraneous, leaving Britain at fault for a civil war. Vikings were the first to sweep in with their brutal attacks on the allRead MoreJewish Nation and Religious Persecution1627 Words   |  7 Pages the Jewish nation has been plagued by persecution as a result of their religion. In Medieval times, the Jews faced blood libels and crusades. If they were to convert, then they would become accepted members into society; however, if they were to remain true to their religious ideals they would be killed. In modern Europe, Jews faced struggles such as Emancipation and the Holocaust. All they wanted was to become accepted in society; however instead they were mistreated and eventually massacred. ThisRead MoreDiscussion of the Importance of Economic Factors in the Changing Nature of Jew-hating1521 Words   |  7 PagesImportance of Economic Factors in the Changing Nature of Jew-hating â€Å"At times of bitter distress, fury against him [Jew] breaks out and the plundered and ruined masses begin to defend themselves against the scourge of God† [1] The religious based Jew-hating, termed as ‘Judeaphobia’, existed during times of ‘bitter distress’ within society whereby Jews were often the victims of sporadic violence and consequent restriction to their rights. Segregation was often consideredRead MoreThey Say: Ida B. Wells and the Reconstruction of Race, by James W. Davidson. Ida B. Wells as a parallel to African Americans trying to gain empowerment in post-emancipation America1409 Words   |  6 Pagesautobiography, recorded the personal struggle of a woman to define womanhood during post-emancipation America. The novel, _THEY SAY: IDA B. WELLS AND THE RECONSTRUCTION OF RACE_ , provides an insight into how Ida B. Wellss life paralleled that of African-Americans trying to gain citizenship and empowerment in post-slavery America. From the beginning, Ida B. Wells was shaped by firm moral convictions and religious beliefs taught to her by her mother and father. Ida B. Wells was born to Jim and ElizabethRead MoreHistory Of The Holocaust Midterm Essays1580 Words   |  7 Pagesits existence, and intensifying up until and through the Holocaust, to then diminish to an extent but still be prevalent in most societies. Antisemitism exists in different forms, religious, ethnic, and political. The presence of Christianity as the predominant religion in Europe can be noted as a driving factor in religious and ethnic antisemitism, as can the Holocaust. Whereas instances such as the Islamic view on Judaism can be described more so as ethnic and political antisemitism. There are phases

The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain - 2083 Words

Satire in Huckleberry Finn In the novel â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn† by Mark Twain, we are told a story about a young boy and his slave companion’s journey down the Mississippi River and all of their encounters with other characters. Twain constructed a beautiful narrative on how young Huck Finn, the protagonist in the story, learns about the world and from other adult characters, how he is shaped into his own person. At the time this book was made however, this novel provided serious social commentary on current events, such as slavery, and pointing out hypocrisies in how people are taught to see the world when in actuality it is wrong. Twain expertly crafts a novel that not only tells an amazing story of a southern boy growing into his own character by learning from other characters, but also a novel that perfectly uses satire to point out the flaws in society. How Mark Twain went about writing satire in â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn† is an interesting topic in o f itself. Twain subtly uses satirical humor throughout the novel to get the reader’s attention and laugh while at the same time get his point across. â€Å"[Humor] is among the most important ingredients that make satire interesting and attractive†¦ ‘It may be aggressive and derisive†¦it can be playful or intelligent, it can even be serious, [and] as satire†¦; it cannot be false†¦Humor†¦cannot desert truth’† (Nyirubugara, I.3). Things such as slavery, moral values, how children are molded from the views ofShow MoreRelatedThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain830 Words   |  3 PagesThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain is â€Å"A Great American Novel†, because of its complexity and richness. Twain writes dialogue that brings his characters to life. He creates characters with unique voice and helps the reader connect to the book. Anyone who reads it is forced to develop feelings for each character. Even though there is a great amount of controversy over the use of some choices, such as the â€Å"n word†, it makes the book more realistic. In the beginning of the novel Huck,Read MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1103 Words   |  5 PagesDmitri Van Duine Jr English Mr. Nelson November 27th The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Written by Mark Twain filled his stories with many examples of satire as to convey a message while also writing an interesting story. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn revolves around the adventures of a young boy called Huckleberry Finn, who is about thirteen years old. Tom Sawyer is Huck’s best friend and around the same age as Huck. He is onlyRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain Essay1055 Words   |  5 PagesZambrano Mrs. Patmor AP Lit-Period 5 28 September 2016 Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 1835 Mark Twain embodies realism in almost every aspect of his writing not excluding The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, which in he portrays such a lifelike setting that it almost gives you this sense of reality through the point of view of a young man that has an urge for freedom yet struggles to conform to society s norms due to his adolescence. Twain s ability to unmask the true identities of the charactersRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain931 Words   |  4 PagesWolski Mrs. Goska English 2H Period 3 22 October 2014 The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Mob mentality is the way an individual’s decisions become influenced by the often unprincipled actions of a crowd. Mark Twain penned The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Twain grew up in America’s southern states during the early 1800’s, a time in which moral confusion erupted within the minds of humans. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn s protagonist is a young boy named Huck who freely travels alongRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1375 Words   |  6 Pagesmention the years spent growing and maturing physically. Teenagers are stuck in an inbetween state where they must learn who they want to become and what they want to be when they grow older. The same is true for Huckleberry Finn, from the book â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn† by Mark Twain. This is a book that was written in a time of great confusion over moral codes and standards. It was a world split in half by two different worlds of people; those who opposed, a nd those who promoted slavery.Read MoreMark Twain and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn1575 Words   |  6 Pages Mark Twain and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Controversy Mark Twain, born Samuel Langhorne Clemens, is a highly recognizable figure in American literature. Born in Florida, Missouri Mark Twain and his family moved to Hannibal, Missouri where Twain discovered and fell in love with the mighty Mississippi River. The river and his life in Hannibal became his inspiration and guiding light in most of his writing. Although Twain loved the river and did a great deal of traveling, he eventuallyRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain810 Words   |  4 PagesBefore Mark Twain started to write two of his most famous novels, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark was known to use his characters to display his own thoughts and opinions. â€Å"This device allowed him to say just about anything he wanted, provided he could convincingly claim he was simply reporting what others had said.† (Twain, 1283). Mark Twain used this process to be a foundation of his lectures, by manipulating his popularly w ith his readers. During the storyRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1005 Words   |  5 Pages In the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn written by Mark Twain in the 19th century is about a young boy named Huck Finn and Jim, a runaway slave who go on an adventure. The two travel on a raft along the Mississippi river creating a bond and making memories. Mark Twain presents Huckleberry Finn as a dynamic character who at first views Jim as property and eventually considers Jim as a friend, showing a change in maturity. In the beginning of the book, Huck Finn clearly sees Jim as nothing more thanRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1335 Words   |  6 Pagesyear The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is placed in the top ten banned books in America. People find the novel to be oppressing and racially insensitive due to its frequent use of the n-word and the portrayal of blacks as a Sambo caricature. However, this goes against Mark Twain’s intent of bringing awareness to the racism in America. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain is classified under the genre of satire and is narrated by a fictional character named Huckleberry Finn. The novelRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1773 Words   |  8 PagesKnowing about Mark Twain’s work, personal life and family it is clear he is a champion of racial equality. During the most racial times of America he wrote The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn a book setting in a 1830s southern American so ciety. Twains delivers the story with all the traditions and customs of an American society. Twain tries to show the wrongness in society, focusing racism and equality. By doing this Mark Twain and his work was both alleged to be racist. The irony is most of the reading

Business Model Innovation †State of the Art and Future Challenges for the Field Essay Example For Students

Business Model Innovation – State of the Art and Future Challenges for the Field Essay Prof. Dr. Patrick Spieth – he is professor at two institutuions, firstly at Kassel University, at the Faculty of Business and Management IBWL (Institute of Management and Business Studies), Technology, Innovation Management and Entrepreneurship (TIME) and secondly, he is visiting professor at EBS University. Dr. Dirk Schneckenberg – he is Associate Professor at ESC Rennes School of Business, Strategy and marketing Department. Prof. Dr. Joan E. Ricart – professor at IESE Business School University of Navarra, currently he is professor of economics and strategic management. Also, he is IESE’s head of Strategic Management Department. The article was published on ResearchGate, section: RD Management, June 2014 In this article, the focus is on 3 detailed perspectives: â€Å"explaining the business†, â€Å"running the business† and â€Å"developing the business†. Business model innovation was discussed in many reviews of business literature, with many characteristics, , but in 2005, Morris defines them by dividing it in 3 parts – economic, strategig and operational. Also, Schneider and Spieth categorized in 2013 the literature of business model innovation as being categorized on 3 main topics: prerequisites of conducting business model innovation, elements and process of business model innovation, and effects achieved through business model innovation. The authors claim that, after going through many articles in the literature of business model innovation, they concluded that there is necessary to â€Å"focus on the roles and functions assigned to the concept†, in order to better understand and develop a business model. As I already mentioned at the begining, there are three ways that have to be applied in order to better understand the business and inovate it, explaining the business, developing the business and running the business. Explaining the business This step appropaches the idea that the firm has to be known and understood by new people, to be explained in this way how it may generate future profits, why it will and eventually when. In this way, the target audience is external stakeholders of the firm (media, customers and parteners, investors and even internal employees). The associated terms with this topic were identified as the following: â€Å"Abstraction†, â€Å"Description†, â€Å"Outline†, â€Å"Reflection†, â€Å"Represantion†, â€Å"Statement† and â€Å"Story† Running the business – Refers mainly at the operational roles of business models. In this way, the business model in understood to adress operational aspects to the employees, managers and external parteners, such as the linkages or structures. The associated terms found for running the business in the article were: â€Å"Activity system†, â€Å"Architecture†, â€Å"Framework/standard†, â€Å"Structural template/blueprint†, â€Å"Method†. Developing the business – That part represents the strategic function of the business model, which has to support the management in defining and developing the firm’s strategy. Associated terms: â€Å"Approach†, â€Å"Design/plan†, â€Å"Logic†, â€Å"Model/conceptual tool†, â€Å"Recipe†, â€Å"Set of choices and consequences†. Somehow, the authors concluded these role-based appropach as an alternative view to summarize the phenomenon of business models, as a reason to get a more concise grasp on subsequent processes of business model innovation. However, they note that they are aware that this topic is pretty new, and it may appear many new ideas and comments on this topic in the future, as it appeared until 2014, when they published the article. In this way, they do not assume that the topic can be closed now, mentioning that the idea is still â€Å"premature† and it may have to be discussed in the future too. They used mainly the articles published to the 2013 Conference of the European Academy of Management (Instanbul, Turkey), the 2013 RD Management Conference (Manchester, United Kingdom) and the 2013 International Society for Professional Innovation Management Conference (Helsinki, Finland). In all of the conferences and publication activities, they presented the business model innovation as a topic managed to be represented by 3 main keys, which construct a triangle: strategy, innovation and entrepreneurship. .u76dee0fe94d65e77df115fec42c1a08d , .u76dee0fe94d65e77df115fec42c1a08d .postImageUrl , .u76dee0fe94d65e77df115fec42c1a08d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u76dee0fe94d65e77df115fec42c1a08d , .u76dee0fe94d65e77df115fec42c1a08d:hover , .u76dee0fe94d65e77df115fec42c1a08d:visited , .u76dee0fe94d65e77df115fec42c1a08d:active { border:0!important; } .u76dee0fe94d65e77df115fec42c1a08d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u76dee0fe94d65e77df115fec42c1a08d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u76dee0fe94d65e77df115fec42c1a08d:active , .u76dee0fe94d65e77df115fec42c1a08d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u76dee0fe94d65e77df115fec42c1a08d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u76dee0fe94d65e77df115fec42c1a08d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u76dee0fe94d65e77df115fec42c1a08d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u76dee0fe94d65e77df115fec42c1a08d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u76dee0fe94d65e77df115fec42c1a08d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u76dee0fe94d65e77df115fec42c1a08d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u76dee0fe94d65e77df115fec42c1a08d .u76dee0fe94d65e77df115fec42c1a08d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u76dee0fe94d65e77df115fec42c1a08d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Psyschology Study On Drinking Essay Research PaperIn conclusion, the research avenues presented by the authors in this article are suggestive and definetely not complete, as well as they mention it in the concluding part of the article. The management and succesful innovation of business model is consolidating as one fundamental source for competitive advantage in the 21st century. The topic is relevant, the potential of the idea is great (as said by the authors too) and also the research field deserves further research and development.

Obedience to Authority Essay Example

Obedience to Authority Essay Obedience is a virtue, disobedience is a vice (Fromm 267). In Disobedience as a Psychological and Moral Problem, the author Erich Fromm implies that to be a human an individual must be free to obey and disobey (272). Being obedient requires the removal of freedom, which comes from expressing your thoughts, feelings and emotions, without any boundaries or pressures from other individuals. An obedient individual is submissive towards anothers will and does not have very much freedom. Obedience occurs and can be analyzed when there is a setting of power and expectations to follow authority and a shift in viewpoint. The Stanford Prison Experiment can be interpreted in terms of Milgrams findings on submission to authority. In The Perils of Obedience, Stanley Milgram conducts an experiment where individuals are forced to violate their conscience and to either obey or disobey the dissolute demands of an authority. The experiment tests the extent to which individuals will obey immoral commands when they are ordered to inflict pain on to learners. The teacher is a genuinely naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve subject who has come to the laboratory for the experiment. The learner, or victim, is actually an actor who receives no shock at all (Milgram 223). The experimenter orders the teacher to ask word pairs to the learner; for every word pair wrong, the learner gets shocked with increasing intensity. We will write a custom essay sample on Obedience to Authority specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Obedience to Authority specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Obedience to Authority specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The individuals administering the shocks would do what was expected of them, [obeying] the orders of the experimenter to the end, punishing victim until they reached the most potent shock available on the generator. After 450 volts were administered three times, the experimenter called a halt to the session (224). The teachers did what they were told to do, even when the learners produced loud cries and screams; they simply obeyed the rules and performed their assigned tasks because it was expected of them. Milgram learned that, the experimenters physical presence has a marked impact on his authority (232). If the experimenter was present in the laboratory rather than on the phone, the teachers would refuse to do their assigned task less than if the experimenter were on the phone giving orders. In The Stanford Prison Experiment, Philip K. Zimbardo conducts an experiment where a group of males are selected to be prison guards or prisoners in a mock prison. The setting of the experiment was designed, as if it was a real prison. The prison guards were allowed to keep order in the prison by any means necessary; they obeyed the rules and performed their jobs as expected of them. They made the prisoners feel powerless, arbitrarily controlled, dependent, frustrated, hopeless, anonymous, dehumanized and emasculated (Zimbardo 256), simply because they were obeying rules. The authoritarian nature of the guards became serious when they insulted the prisoners, threatened them, were physically aggressive, used instruments to keep the prisoners in line and referred to them in impersonal, anonymous, deprecating ways (260). In order to fit into the setting the guards were in competition with each other to be stronger and more respected. They wanted to follow the behavior of the good guards [which] seemed more motivated by a desire to be liked by everyone in the system than by a concern for the inmates welfare (261). We learn that if the setting requires an individual to become an authoritarian, others will be submissive and obedient towards them. Also, the expectations to follow authority are highly regarded until a shift in viewpoint occurs within the individuals. A shift in viewpoint occurs when an individual realizes what they have done or are doing is not civilized and wrong. The essence of obedience is that a person comes to view himself as the instrument for carrying out another persons wishes, and he therefore no longer regards himself as responsible for his actions (Milgram 231). After the shift in viewpoint, obedience follows and the individuals dont regard themselves as being responsible for their own actions. The individuals feel responsible to the authority thats directing them but not responsible for their actions done in return to the command of the authority. An example in Milgrams experiment was a woman, Gretchen Brandt, who refused to continue on with the experiment after she administered 210 volts. We came here of our free will. If he wants to continue Ill go aheadIm sorry. I dont want to be responsible for anything happening to him. I wouldnt like it for me either. (Milgram 223). She kept proceeding at the experimenters command until she realized that she had the freedom and right to refuse. She did not want to be held responsible for the harm of the learner so she implicitly tried to leave the blame on the experimenter. In Zimbardos experiment, a prison guard gave his perspective on what it felt like to be a guard in the experiment: What made this experiment most depressing for me was the fact that we were continually called upon to act in a way that was contrary to what I really felt inside. I dont feel like Im the type of person that would be a guard-it just didnt seem like me, and to continually keep up and put on a face like that is just really one of the most oppressive things you can do. Its almost like a prison that you create yourself-you get into it, and it becomes almost the definition you make of yourself. (261)  The guard implies that you become a prisoner of your own obedience. He treated the prisoners unfairly because he wanted to be seen as a good prison guard. As a result, at the end of the experiments, the teachers and prison guards dont see themselves as being responsible for their actions; they hold others responsible for their actions. The teachers implicitly blame the experimenter and the prison guards implicitly blame the higher authority. In order to be obedient, individuals must be provoked by some sort of authority for the shift of viewpoint to prevail and become successful. Milgram implies that, [obedience is] socially organized evil in modern society (233). Therefore, in conclusion, obedience is a vice because it is an immoral practice, which causes human beings to play the blame-game in life.