Oxygen Essays - Chemical Elements, Industrial Gases,

Oxygen Oxygen is one of the 92 known elements. An element is a substance that cannot be decomposed into a simpler substance by any simple means. Each of the 92 naturally occurring elements are therefore one of the fundamental materials from which everything in the Universe is made. The History of Oxygen On August 1,1774, Joseph Priestley examined the effect of intense heat on mercuric oxide. He noted that an air or gas was readily expelled from the specimen. To his surprise a candle burned in this with a remarkably vigorous flame. He called this new substance dephlogisticated air, in terms of the current chemical theory of combustion. On a visit to Paris in 1775 he related his discovery directly to Antoine Lavoisier. Immediately Lavoisier checked the results by accurate experiments and found that Priestley's dephlogisticated air actually combined with metals and other substances. Since some of the compounds he formed produced acids he regarded the dephlogisticated air as a acidifying principle and called it oxygen, derived from the Greek words for ?sour? and ?I Produce?. From his experiments Lavoisier recognized that air was composed of two main constituents: vital air or oxygen and azote (Greek for lifeless-now called nitrogen) which would not support life or combustion. From these facts Lavoisier developed the modern theory of combustion, and thus laid the foundation of modern chemistry. Forms of Oxygen Oxygen comes in a variety of forms. One of the more deadly forms of Oxygen is Ozone, O3. Ozone (O3), named for the Greek word for smell, is a poisonous, colorless and tasteless gas with a distinctive strong smell. Molecules of ozone are probably the source of the smell that can be detected close to working electrical equipment such as motors and TVs. If a vehicle with a catalytic converter is started cold, ozone can be detected in the exhaust fumes. Most ozone is found high in the atmosphere in a region of the stratosphere called the ozone layer. Here ozone performs a vital life-protecting role, absorbing the ultraviolet rays of the sun that would be harmful to both plant and animal life. Ozone is usually prepared by passing a silent electric discharge through oxygen. Because of its powerful oxidizing properties ozone is widely used for sterilizing water and for air purification. It also is applied in organic chemistry in ozonolysis, which is the reaction of ozone with unsaturated compounds such as the hydrocarbon ethylene. Oxides are a large and important class of chemical compounds in which oxygen is combined with another element. Nearly all the elements form oxides, which vary in properties according to their composition. Metal oxides are crystalline solids that contain a metal cation and the oxide anion, O-2. They typically react with water to form bases or with acids to form salts. Calcium oxide (CaO), for example, reacts with water to form calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH2)], a strong base, and with hydrochloric acid to form calcium carbonate (CaCl2), a salt. Nonmetals oxides are volatile compounds in which the oxygen atoms are linked covalently to the nonmetal atom. They react with water to form acids or with bases to form salts. Thus, sulfur trioxide (SO3) reacts with water to form sulfuric acid (H2SO4), a strong acid, and with sodium hydroxide to form sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), a salt. Amphoteric oxides contain oxygen along with cations such as aluminum, tin, or zinc; they may combine with either acids or bases to form salts. Aluminum oxide (Al2O3), for example, reacts with hydrochloric acid to form aluminum chloride (AlCl3) and with sodium hydroxide to form Sodium Aluminate (NaAlO2). Certain organic compounds react with oxygen or other oxidizing agents to produce substances called oxides. Thus, amines, phosphines, and sulfides form amine oxides, phosphine oxides, and sulfoxides, respectively, in which the oxygen atom is covalently bonded to the nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulfur atom. The so-called olefin oxides are cyclic ethers. Another place where oxygen is found is the atmosphere. The Atmosphere surrounding the earth is a mechanical mixture of gases. The most important of these gases are oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide. The relative proportions of these gases in the atmosphere are found to be remarkably constant. Oxygen is essential to life. It is odorless, colorless, tasteless, and slightly heavier than air. The

From the treaty of Versailles which term is going to create essays

From the treaty of Versailles which term is going to create essays Germany was treated harshly by terms of the treaty of Versailles. In my opinion, the terms of reparation create more future problems than others. According to the Treaty of Versailles signed in 1919.Germany was divided into two parts, he had to return territory to France and give up all its colonies. Besides, he had to disarm and accept full responsibility for causing the war. Moreover, he had to pay heavy reparation to the Allies. The terms of the Treaty of Versailles were harsh, especially the reparation. It led to serious economic problem in Germany. Germany failed to pay reparation to France. French troops occupied an important German industrial area, the Ruhr valley. They demanded payment in coal and steel. It led to decline of trade and industry and strikes. Facing serious economic problem, the German government tried to print more paper money to pay its debts. It led to inflation in Germany. As US became the world's leading creditor nation. Any financial problems in the US would affect the world economies. Therefore, the Wall Street crash in the US led to worldwide depression. So Germany could receive no more financial help. This worsened German's economy. To conclude, the reparation had brought Germany serious economic problems which created favorable circumstances for the rise of the Hitler. His aggressive foreign policy finally led to the outbreak of the Second World War. ...

Proposal for a Business Incubator Project Coursework

Proposal for a Business Incubator Project - Coursework Example The project is commercially viable as a business and will form foundation for the development of new businesses and entrepreneurship. Background There is a growing preference among the young people for self-employment with plans for future expansion through experience and accumulated knowledge gained over the period of time in the business. The initial expenses in setting up the office for the business involve rental, purchase of office equipments and appointment of office assistant, in addition to purchasing vehicle for transport in connection with the business. Many of the dreams and well conceived plans for the businesses do not see the day light due to lack of seed capital. The business incubator project proposed is expected to address these problems effectively with little investment on the part of the entrepreneur. Business problems and the concept underlying the project The project aims to solve the problems in raising seed capital for the businesses by the entrepreneurs. The businesses initially started by the entrepreneurs are mostly one man shows. The entrepreneurs need to plan their businesses, establish administrative facilities for the businesses and engage in marketing their products or services. The most important part in the initial stages of the business is to establish office facilities or creating an ‘address’ for the business. This is important since the suppliers or service providers, the customers and other agencies need to contact the people in business in person or send couriers or leave messages. It is also required for storage of materials like drawings, CDs and books connected with the business. Therefore, a place with easy access to customers will be useful in keeping the contacts alive for growth in business and for being abreast of the developments in the markets and technology. Costly rental, capital investment needed for installation of facilities and working capital required for maintaining the office or work place act as deterrents in start-up businesses in most of the cases. Therefore, if the problems associated with this part of the business are effectively addressed, the entrepreneurs are free to plan their other business and marketing activities without bothering about the issues related to establishment of an office. Solution to the business problems There are several jobs which require minimal paper work but extensive travelling in meeting the customers to explain about the product or services. For example, CRM software for a small boutique, clubs or optical products stores keeping in tune with the changes taking place in technological front could catch up in the market in future. Sophisticated software used by the big corporations will be too costly to install in small businesses. This software developed by an entrepreneur might solve various issues connected to the data management relating to small businesses. The development of software is not a problem to a software engineer. But, m arketing of the software needs extensive travelling, demonstration of the product to the prospective clients’ needs conference hall and the business needs an office to attend the calls of the clients and receive the couriers addressed to the business. It is also important to note that the office should be equipped with facilities for communication,